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The Journal of Special Education
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An Exploratory Study of Schema-Based Word-Problem—Solving Instruction for Middle School Students with Learning Disabilities

An Emphasis on Conceptual and Procedural Understanding

Asha Jitendra

Lehigh University, akj2{at}lehigh.edu

Caroline M. DiPipi

Lehigh University

Nora Perron-Jones

Salisbury School District

This exploratory study extends the research on schema-based strategy instruction by investigating its effects on the mathematical problem solving of 4 middle school students with learning disabilities who were low-performing in mathematics. A multiple-probe-across-participants design included baseline, treatment, generalization, and maintenance. During treatment, students received schema strategy training in problem schemata (conceptual understanding) and problem solution (procedural understanding). Results indicated that the schema-based strategy was effective in substantially increasing the number of correctly solved multiplication and division word problems for all 4 participants. Maintenance of strategy effects was evident for 10, 51/2, and 21/2 weeks following the termination of instruction for Sara, Tony, and Percy, respectively. In addition, the effects of instruction generalized to novel word problems for all 4 participants.

The Journal of Special Education, Vol. 36, No. 1, 23-38 (2002)
DOI: 10.1177/00224669020360010301
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[Abstract] [PDF]